Biogasification of soma lignite by microorganisms

The main scopes of this study are to analyze the bacterial activity on the coal samples which come from Soma basin in Turkey and investigation of the bacterial gas production of these samples. For that purpose, characterization of the coal samples was performed by using FTIR, STA, BET, SAM and ICP

Coal bed methane potential and biogasification of soma lignite

Coal bed methane (CBM) can arise from both thermogenic and biogenic activity on the coal beds and adsorb on the porous matrix of the coal. Therefore, investigation of pore structure and gas capacity of the coal is essential for accurate estimations of coal bed gas potential. Coal samples of lignite to sub-bituminous rank were obtained from different depths of Soma basin and were characterized by low pressure CO2 adsorption isotherms at 273 K. Micropore surface areas of the samples were calculated by using D-R model, changed from 224.909 m2/g to 287.097 m2/g. Micropore volume and capacity were determined by Dubinin-Radushkevich equation to vary between 0.070 and 0.093 cm3/g and between 39.06 m3/ton and 48.44m3/ton, respectively. Pore widths of all samples were below 1 nm; suggesting that micropore ratios of the samples are very high. On the other hand, high pressure (up to 17 MPa) adsorption isotherms suggest that methane adsorption capacity of the as receive Soma Lignites vary from 12.99 m3/ton to 18.13 m3/ton. Effects of outgas temperature, organic carbon content on gas adsorption capacity of the samples were determined. Results showed that microporosity and methane adsorption capacity of the samples increases with increasing micropore ratio. Carbon isotope analyses of the coal gas desorbed from coal core samples of the Soma lignite basin in Turkey suggests bacterial origin. In order to have a better understanding of secondary biogenic gas potential of the samples, biogasification experiments have been conducted. Results have shown that methane production by using just methanogens is very limited. When, free hydrogen gas was given the system, methane production has gradually increased. This proved that hydrogen was the limited reagent for microbial methane formation. After 20 days of incubation 1 m3/ton methane production was measured

Bacterial Spot and Blight Diseases of Ornamental Plants caused by Different Xanthomonas Species in Turkey

Putative strains belonging to Xanthomonas spp. causing leaf spot and blight diseases on geranium (Pelargonium peltatum and P. hortorum), begonia (Begonia x tuberhybrida), anthurium (Anthurium andraeanum), Chinese hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), and English ivy (Hedera helix) growing in Turkey were isolated. All bacterial strains were classified as Gram-negative, oxidase negative, catalase, levan and starch hydrolysis positive, with hypersensitive reaction positive on tobacco and pathogenic to host plants. Identification of these strains was further confirmed by serological method using ELISA kits, conventional PCR, carbon utilisation, and FAME. Results of the identification showed that 28, 24, 10, 2, and 1 strains were identified as X. axonopodis pv. begoniae, X. hortorum pv. pelargonii, X. axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae, X. hortorum pv. hederae, and Xanihomonas sp., respectively. This is the first report of X. hortorum pv. hederae on English ivy in Turkey.Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [TOVAG 106 O 333]; Cukurova University, TurkeyCukurova University [ZF2005BAP9]Supported by the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), Grant No. TOVAG 106 O 333, and by the Cukurova University, Turkey, Project No. ZF2005BAP9

Identification and genetic characterization of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae from sweet cherry in Turkey

Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (Pss), which causes bacterial canker, is the most polyphagous bacterium in the P. syringae complex due to its broad host range. This pathogen is considered the major bacterial disease in cherry orchards. In this study, several samples were collected from infected sweet cherry trees in different locations of the Marmara region in Turkey between 2016-2018. Sixty-three isolates were identified as Pss by pathogenicity, LOPAT, GATTa, and MALDI-TOF MS tests. Total genomic DNA was extracted to confirm identity, followed by PCR amplification of syrB and cfl genes. Out of 63 isolates, 12 were randomly selected for Repetitive Element Sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR) and Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) analysis to gain insight into the relationships of those isolates. The cluster analysis of rep-PCR (ERIC-, REP- and BOX-PCR) could classify the isolates into two distinct clusters. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out to obtain the relation between isolates and the location.The MLST analysis of gyrB, rpoDp, rpoDs, and gltA genes allowed a clear allocation of the isolates into two separate main clusters. The relationship among the isolates were also evaluated by constructing a genealogical median-joining network (MJN). The isolates from six locations produced 11 haplotypes that were illustrated in the MJN. The results of this study proved that location could not be an indicator for showing the genetic diversity of Pss from cherry orchards. As the genetic variability of Pseudomonads has been demonstrated, the current study also showed high diversity among different isolates even within the populations. While more research is recommended, the results of this study contributed to a better understanding of the Pss evolutionary progress and genetic diversity of sweet cherry isolates

Genetic characterization of banana clones grown in Turkey based on nuclear DNA content and SRAP markers

This study was conducted to investigate the genetic relationships among banana clones grown in Turkey based on their nuclear DNA contents and SRAP markers. Four banana clones including 'Dwarf Cavendish', 'Grand Nain', 'Azman' and local 'Erdemli' were used as plant material. Nuclear DNA content of the banana cultivars estimated by flow cytometer and varied between 1.766 pg ('Erdemli') and 2.028 pg ('Grand Nain'). 'Azman' and 'Dwarf Cavendish' was similar nuclear DNA content. Genetic similarities of 4 banana clones were between 0.63-0.91 based on SRAP molecular marker. The local  'Erdemli' banana clone was the most distinct from the others. In conclusion, there is a high level of genetic variation among the banana clones grown in Turkey and the local clone 'Erdemli' is the most distinct one. This study showed that nuclear DNA content analysis together with molecular markers can be useful to assess the relationships among banana clones

Synthesis of mesoporous MCM-41 materials with low power microwave heating

Crystalline, high surface area, hexagonal mesoporous MCM-41 having uniform pore sizes and good thermal stability was successfully synthesized at 90-120oC in 30 minutes using low power microwave irradiation. This appears to be the first comprehensive and quantitative investigation of the comparatively rapid synthesis of mesoporous MCM-41 using low power microwave heating of 80W (90oC) and 120W (120oC). The influence of reaction temperature and the duration of heating were carefully investigated and the calcined MCM-41 materials were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, nitrogen adsorption, TGA and FTIR. The mesoporous MCM-41 product synthesized in 30 minutes at 120W and calcined at 550oC had a very high surface area of 1438 m2/g and was highly ordered, contained uniform pores with diameters in the range of 3.5-4.5 nm. The wall thickness of the materials highly depended on the power of the microwave energy used during the synthesis. Synthesis of the mesoporous MCM-41 products at 120oC resulted with a structure having thinner walls. The mesoporous MCM-41 materials synthesized in the present work had good thermal stability

Feistel Like Construction of Involutory Binary Matrices With High Branch Number

In this paper, we propose a generic method to construct involutory binary matrices from a three round Feistel scheme with a linear round function. We prove bounds on the maximum achievable branch number (BN) and the number of fixed points of our construction. We also define two families of efficiently implementable round functions to be used in our method. The usage of these families in the proposed method produces matrices achieving the proven bounds on branch numbers and fixed points. Moreover, we show that BN of the transpose matrix is the same with the original matrix for the function families we defined. Some of the generated matrices are \emph{Maximum Distance Binary Linear} (MDBL), i.e. matrices with the highest achievable BN. The number of fixed points of the generated matrices are close to the expected value for a random involution. Generated matrices are especially suitable for utilising in bitslice block ciphers and hash functions. They can be implemented efficiently in many platforms, from low cost CPUs to dedicated hardware